Water used in post‐harvest handling and processing operations is an important risk factor for microbiological cross‐contamination of fruits, vegetables and herbs (FVH). Industrial data indicated that the frozen FVH sector is characterised by operational cycles between 8 and 120 h, variable product volumes and no control of the temperature of process water. Intervention strategies were limited to the use of water disinfection treatments such as peroxyacetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Chlorine‐based disinfectants were not used, and water replenishment was not observed within studied industries. The industrial data, which included 13 scenarios, were used to develop a guidance for a water management plan (WMP) for the frozen FVH sector. A WMP aims to maintain the fit‐for‐purpose microbiological quality of the process water and consists of: (a) identification of microbial hazards and hazardous events linked to process water; (b) establishment of the relationship between microbiological and physico‐chemical parameters; (c) description of preventive measures; (d) description of intervention measures, including their validation, operational monitoring and verification; and (e) record keeping and trend analysis. A predictive model was used to simulate water management outcomes, highlighting the need for water disinfection treatments to maintain the microbiological quality of the process water and the added value of water replenishment. Relying solely on water replenishment (at realistic feasible rates) does not avoid microbial accumulation in the water. Operational monitoring of the physico‐chemical parameters ensures that the disinfection systems are operating effectively. Verification includes microbiological analysis of the process water linked to the operational monitoring outcomes of physico‐chemical parameters. Food business operators should set up and validate a tailored WMP to identify physico‐chemical parameters, as well as microbial indicators and their threshold levels as performance standards for maintaining the fit‐for‐purpose microbiological quality of the process water during post‐harvest handling and processing operations.
This publication is linked to the following EFSA Journal articles: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8332; https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9170; https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9171; https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9173.
This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications article: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2903/sp.efsa.2025.EN-89….