{"id":189587,"date":"2025-12-02T17:28:24","date_gmt":"2025-12-02T16:28:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/helloproject.es\/vigilancia\/cuando-enfermar-es-una-senal-de-alarma-las-hormigas-moribundas-avisan-a-la-colonia-para-salvarla\/"},"modified":"2025-12-02T17:28:24","modified_gmt":"2025-12-02T16:28:24","slug":"cuando-enfermar-es-una-senal-de-alarma-las-hormigas-moribundas-avisan-a-la-colonia-para-salvarla","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/helloproject.es\/vigilancia\/cuando-enfermar-es-una-senal-de-alarma-las-hormigas-moribundas-avisan-a-la-colonia-para-salvarla\/","title":{"rendered":"Cuando enfermar es una se\u00f1al de alarma: las hormigas moribundas avisan a la colonia para salvarla"},"content":{"rendered":"

Una investigaci\u00f3n del Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de Austria (ISTA), publicada en\u00a0Nature Communications, revela un mecanismo sorprendente: las pupas terminalmente enfermas emiten un olor para advertir a la colonia de que van a morir y representan un riesgo sanitario.<\/p>\n

A diferencia de muchos animales sociales que ocultan la enfermedad para evitar la exclusi\u00f3n, las larvas de hormiga hacen exactamente lo contrario. Cuando la infecci\u00f3n es irreversible, liberan un olor qu\u00edmico espec\u00edfico que act\u00faa como se\u00f1al de alarma. Las obreras reaccionan de inmediato: desembalan a la pupa de su capullo, perforan su superficie y aplican \u00e1cido f\u00f3rmico, su propio desinfectante natural. Este tratamiento elimina los pat\u00f3genos, pero tambi\u00e9n mata a la pupa.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

El aviso protege<\/h2>\n

Lejos de ser un sacrificio in\u00fatil, el mensaje beneficia a quien lo emite. \u201cEl aviso protege a sus compa\u00f1eras, con las que comparte muchos genes\u201d, explica Erika Dawson, primera autora. Al evitar que la infecci\u00f3n se extienda, la pupa enferma contribuye a que la colonia sobreviva y produzca descendencia, lo que indirectamente perpet\u00faa su propia l\u00ednea gen\u00e9tica.<\/p>\n

El estudio, realizado en colaboraci\u00f3n con el ec\u00f3logo qu\u00edmico Thomas Schmitt, documenta por primera vez esta se\u00f1al altruista de enfermedad en insectos sociales. Si una pupa moribunda no alertara y muriera sin ser detectada, podr\u00eda convertirse en un foco de infecci\u00f3n masiva. El aviso precoz permite que la colonia act\u00fae con precisi\u00f3n quir\u00fargica.<\/p>\n

Los investigadores comparan este proceso con lo que sucede en los organismos animales: las c\u00e9lulas infectadas emiten mol\u00e9culas para que el sistema inmunitario las localice y las destruya. Este paralelismo funciona tanto a nivel qu\u00edmico como funcional. Las pupas enfermas y las c\u00e9lulas da\u00f1adas activan lo que se conoce como se\u00f1al \u201cencu\u00e9ntrame y c\u00f3meme\u201d.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

El aviso protege a sus compa\u00f1eras, con las que comparte muchos genes<\/p>\n

Erika Dawson, primera autora
\n<\/p>\n

El olor tiene que ser extremadamente preciso: lo bastante intenso para detectar todos los casos mortales, pero lo bastante espec\u00edfico para no inducir la eliminaci\u00f3n de individuos capaces de recuperarse. El equipo hall\u00f3 que la se\u00f1al no se basa en sustancias vol\u00e1tiles que se dispersan, sino en compuestos no vol\u00e1tiles presentes en la superficie del cuerpo, lo que permite identificar a cada pupa de manera individual.<\/p>\n

Para comprobarlo, los cient\u00edficos transfirieron este olor a pupas sanas: las obreras reaccionaron exactamente igual que ante una pupa moribunda. El olor, por s\u00ed solo, desencadena la intervenci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Diferentes castas<\/h2>\n

El comportamiento tambi\u00e9n distingue entre diferentes castas. Las pupas de reina \u2014con defensas inmunes m\u00e1s fuertes\u2014 no emiten la se\u00f1al, porque a\u00fan pueden controlar la infecci\u00f3n.\u00a0Solo las pupas obreras terminalmente enfermas alertan al nido.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

La se\u00f1al solo aparece cuando la infecci\u00f3n es incontrolable. As\u00ed se protege al grupo sin eliminar individuos que todav\u00eda pueden recuperarse<\/p>\n

Sylvia Cremer, directora del grupo
\n<\/p>\n

Ese equilibrio entre sacrificio individual y supervivencia colectiva demuestra un nivel de coordinaci\u00f3n evolutiva extraordinario. Como resume Sylvia Cremer, directora del grupo: \u201cLa se\u00f1al solo aparece cuando la infecci\u00f3n es incontrolable. As\u00ed se protege al grupo sin eliminar individuos que todav\u00eda pueden recuperarse\u201d.<\/p>\n

Lo que desde fuera parece una tragedia individual es, en realidad, una demostraci\u00f3n extrema de cooperaci\u00f3n: la salud de la colonia antes que la vida de uno solo.<\/p>\n

Referencia:<\/p>\n

Sylvia Cremer et al.\u00bbAltruistic disease signalling in ant colonies\u00bb.\u00a0Nature Communications<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Una investigaci\u00f3n del Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de Austria (ISTA), publicada en\u00a0Nature Communications, revela un mecanismo sorprendente: las pupas terminalmente enfermas emiten un olor para advertir a la colonia de que van a morir y representan un riesgo sanitario. A diferencia de muchos animales sociales que ocultan la enfermedad para evitar la exclusi\u00f3n, las […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-189587","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-noticias"],"yoast_head":"\nCuando enfermar es una se\u00f1al de alarma: las hormigas moribundas avisan a la colonia para salvarla - bip4ex<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/helloproject.es\/vigilancia\/cuando-enfermar-es-una-senal-de-alarma-las-hormigas-moribundas-avisan-a-la-colonia-para-salvarla\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cuando enfermar es una se\u00f1al de alarma: las hormigas moribundas avisan a la colonia para salvarla\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Una investigaci\u00f3n del Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de Austria (ISTA), publicada en\u00a0Nature Communications, revela un mecanismo sorprendente: las pupas terminalmente enfermas emiten un olor para advertir a la colonia de que van a morir y representan un riesgo sanitario. 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